The cartridge refers to the combination of components that enable the firing of a projectile using a firearm. Specifically, these are: the casing, the primer, the propellant, and the projectile(s). In the case of a rifle cartridge, the hunter also refers to the projectile as the bullet.
Cartridges come in various calibers. It is important that the cartridge always matches the caliber of the firearm if one wants to fire it successfully. There are occasional exceptions where "related" calibers can be fired from the same firearm.