The variable components within a caliber are referred to as the labors of ammunition. For example, a .308 caliber cartridge always has the metric dimensions of 7.62 x 51 mm, but numerous differences can occur with regard to the projectile and the priming charge.
Projectile type
Partial fragmentation projectile
A partial fragmentation projectile disintegrates into several fragments upon impact, leaving approximately 60% of the projectile in one piece as a solid, non-disintegrating part.
Deformation bullet
In contrast to a fragmentation projectile, a deformation projectile remains in one piece and mushrooms. Splintered parts are thus not to be expected in the game body, and the killing effect is achieved by the enlarging bullet cross-section. The deformation is achieved, as with the partial fragmentation bullet, by a partial jacket. In the case of a partial jacket, the core of the bullet is not completely enclosed by the jacket but is exposed in the area of the tip.
Full jacket bullet
Full metal jacket bullets should neither deform nor fragment when penetrating the game body in order to minimize the destruction of the game body. They are particularly suitable for hunting predatory game whose bellows are to be recovered. To prevent the projectile from splintering or deforming, this type of bullet has a soft lead core surrounded by a hard copper, iron or tombac jacket.
Lead-free & leaded
Lead-free ammunition is now required by law in many states. It contains no lead in either the projectile or the priming charge and is therefore considered to be environmentally and health friendly. As a rule, lead-free ammunition consists of copper, zinc, tungsten, iron and tombac. Whether leaded or lead-free ammunition is preferable is a matter of debate among hunters. Ammunition made of lead is often said to have a killing effect that is more suitable for hunting and better target accuracy. In addition, the ricochet of lead-free ammunition is considered more dangerous due to its harder jacket.
Ignition charge
In addition to the nature of the projectile, the ignition charge can also differ within a caliber and can be higher or stronger. For example, to allow complete combustion of the propellant charge in short barrels, "short rifle" ammunition uses an extremely fast burning primer.
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